Lithium-ion battery technology has witnessed remarkable developments in recent years, driven by the growing demand for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage. These batteries offer high capacity, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rates, making them ideal for a wide range of applications. Despite their

Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized our society, powering everything from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and grid storage systems. Their popularity stems from a combination of advantages, including high energy density, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rates. At the heart of these systems lies a complex electro